| List the children to be selected for assessing renal function. Briefly Discuss the tests used to assess the renal function in children (DNB 2004/1)3+7 | 557 | 2004 |
| Outline the development of glomerular filtration. Outline the methods for evaluating GFR in children (DNB 2008/1)10 | 557 | 2008 |
| a) Structure of glomerulus with diagrammatic representation b) What are the Glomerular changes in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis? (DNB 2016/1)6+4 | 557 | 2016 |
| Anatomy and functions of nephron (DNB 2018/2)4 | 557 | 2018 |
| Draw diagram of nephron (DNB 2019/2)3 | 557 | 2019 |
| A 3 year old child was brought for Hematuria. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management (DNB 1994/2)25 | 558 | 1994 |
| Diagnosis and management of recurrent Hematuria (DNB 1996/1)12 | 558 | 1996 |
| Evaluation of a child with Hematuria (DNB 1997/1)15 | 558 | 1997 |
| Outline the differential diagnosis of an abdominal lump with hematuria in a 3-year-old child. Describe its investigations and treatment (DNB 2009/2)3+3+4 | 558 | 2009 |
| Write the common causes and differential diagnosis of gross symptomatic hematuria. Provide an algorithm for its laboratory and radiological evaluation (DNB 2010/2)2+2+6 | 558 | 2010 |
| Outline the causes of red coloured urine. Provide an approach for evaluation of a child with headache (DNB 2011/1)3+7 | 558 | 2011 |
| Causes of recurrent hematuria (DNB 2017/1)5 | 558 | 2017 |
| Management of 5-year-old child presenting with 1st episode of hematuria (DNB 2019/1) 5 | 558 | 2019 |
| Approach to child with gross hematuria (DNB 2019/2)5 | 558 | 2019 |
| Causes of hematuria in children (DNB 2024/1)5 | 558 | 2024 |
| Approach to a child with hematuria (DNB 2024/1)5 | 558 | 2024 |
| Investigating a child with hematuria (DCH 2024/1)5 | 558 | 2024 |
| Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of acute PSGN (DNB 2008/1)10 | 559 | 2008 |
| Enumerate the complications of acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Describe their management in brief (DNB 2010/2)3+7 | 559 | 2010 |
| Etiopathogenesis of RPGN (DNB 2017/2)6 | 559 | 2017 |
| Diagnosis and management of a child with suspected post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (DNB 2024/1)5 | 559 | 2024 |
| Diagnostic features of HUS (DNB 1993/2)15 | 560 | 1993 |
| HUS- etiopathogenesis and diagnosis (DNB 1998/1)15 | 560 | 1998 |
| Classify Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Discuss its pathogenesis, clinical features and management (DNB 2013/2)2+3+3+2 | 560 | 2013 |
| Classification, etiopathogenesis and management of hemolytic uremic syndrome (DNB 2016/1)3+4+3 | 560 | 2016 |
| Management of HUS (DNB 2017/2)4 | 560 | 2017 |
| Diagnosis and management of hemolytic uremic syndrome (DNB 2020/1)5 | 560 | 2020 |
| Pathogenesis and management of hemolytic uremic syndrome (DNB 2022/2)5 | 560 | 2022 |
| Etiopathogenesis of Hemolytic Uremic syndrome (HUS) (DNB 2023/2)5 | 560 | 2023 |
| Management of HUS (DNB 2023/2)5 | 560 | 2023 |
| Discuss the pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of infantile polycystic kidney (DNB 2011/2)2+2+3+3 | 563 | 2011 |
| Proteinuria (DNB 1996/2)15 | 566 | 1996 |
| Persistent asymptomatic proteinuria (DNB 1998/2)15 | 566 | 1998 |
| Persistent asymptomatic proteinuria (DNB 2007/1)10 | 566 | 2007 |
| Indication of kidney biopsy in a child with massive proteinuria (DNB 2018/1)4 | 566 | 2018 |
| Relapse in Nephrotic Syndrome (DNB 1994/1)15 | 567 | 1994 |
| What factors will you consider in deciding the prognosis of a child with Nephrotic syndrome (DNB 1995/1)15 | 567 | 1995 |
| Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome (DNB 1996/2)10 | 567 | 1996 |
| Enumerate the principles of management of Idiopathic Nephrotic syndrome (DNB 1998/2)10 | 567 | 1998 |
| Frequently relapsing steroid resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (DNB 2003/2)15 | 567 | 2003 |
| What factors help you to clinically decide non-minimal nature of Nephrotic Syndrome? Enumerate the steps to test urine for albumin using heat methods (DNB 2005/1)10 | 567 | 2005 |
| Write the management of a 6-year-old child with Nephrotic syndrome who is frequently relapsing. Enumerate complications that can occur (DNB 2006/2)10 | 567 | 2006 |
| Management of steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2007/2)10 | 567 | 2007 |
| Describe the diagnostic approach and management in a case of frequently relapsing and steroid dependent nephritic syndrome (DNB 2009/2)4+6 | 567 | 2009 |
| Management of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2010/1)10 | 567 | 2010 |
| Define steroid dependent and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Describe management of an 8-year-old child with frequent relapsing nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2011/1)2+2+6 | 567 | 2011 |
| Enumerate the causes of SRNS and discuss its management (DNB 2014/2)4+6 | 567 | 2014 |
| Outline management of steroid resistant nephritic syndrome (DNB 2015/2)5 | 567 | 2015 |
| Management of steroid resistant and steroid dependent nephritic syndrome (DNB 2016/1)5+5 | 567 | 2016 |
| Treatment of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2017/1)5 | 567 | 2017 |
| What is the pathogenesis of oedema in nephrotic syndrome? (DNB 2018/1)5 | 567 | 2018 |
| Treatment of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2018/1)5 | 567 | 2018 |
| Treatment options of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2018/2)5 | 567 | 2018 |
| Immunomodulator therapy in nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2019/1)5 | 567 | 2019 |
| Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2020/2)5 | 567 | 2020 |
| Advances in management of Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (DNB 2022/1)5 | 567 | 2022 |
| Management of relapse of nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2022/2)5 | 567 | 2022 |
| Dietary therapy in nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2023/1)5 | 567 | 2023 |
| Management of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) (DNB 2023/1)5 | 567 | 2023 |
| Diagnosis and treatment of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2023/2)5 | 567 | 2023 |
| Steroid sparing agents in nephrotic syndrome (DNB 2024/1)5 | 567 | 2024 |
| Complications of nephrotic syndrome (DCH 2024/1)5 | 567 | 2024 |
| Diagnosis and management of RTA (DNB 1992/2)15 | 569 | 1992 |
| Classify types of RTA and their management principles (DNB 2002/1)15 | 569 | 2002 |
| Outline the treatment of renal tubular acidosis (DNB 2004/2)2+4+4 | 569 | 2004 |
| Pathogenesis, clinical features and management of Distal Renal Tubular disorder (DNB 2007/2)10 | 569 | 2007 |
| Enumerate renal tubular functions and describe the tests to evaluate tubular disorders for the proximal tubule. How will you treat a child with proximal renal tubular acidosis? (DNB 2014/1)3+4+3 | 569 | 2014 |
| Diagnosis and management of Distal renal tubular acidosis (DNB 2016/1)5 | 569 | 2016 |
| Laboratory derangements in Fanconi syndrome (DNB 2021/1)5 | 569 | 2021 |
| Renal tubular acidosis (DCH 2023/2)5 | 569 | 2023 |
| Diagnosis and management of renal tubular acidosis (DNB 2024/2)5 | 569 | 2024 |
| Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (DNB 1998/2)15 | 570 | 1998 |
| Discuss etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of Bartter Syndrome (DNB 2013/2)5 | 571 | 2013 |
| Biochemical and endocrinal changes in CRF (DNB 1993/1)15 | 572 | 1993 |
| Describe the pathogenesis of CRF and outline important principles in the management of such a case (DNB 1995/2)25 | 572 | 1995 |
| What are the causes of ARF in children? How will you investigate such a case? Discuss management (DNB 1997/1)25 | 572 | 1997 |
| Renal replacement therapy in ESRD (DNB 2000/1)15 | 572 | 2000 |
| Peritoneal dialysis (DNB 2003/1)15 | 572 | 2003 |
| What are the causes of acute renal failure in a 4-year-old child. How will you investigate such a case? Discuss the management of acute renal failure (DNB 2004/2)4+3+3 | 572 | 2004 |
| Outline the etiopathogenesis of ARF in children. Discuss Briefly the management (DNB 2005/1)5+5 | 572 | 2005 |
| List the causes of renal failure in a 3-month old child. Discuss the clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of acute renal failure in children. Discuss the indications of renal biopsy in children (DNB 2006/1)10 | 572 | 2006 |
| Renal replacement therapy (DNB 2006/1)10 | 572 | 2006 |
| Discuss renal replacement therapy (DNB 2007/1)10 | 572 | 2007 |
| Discuss the etiology of cortical necrosis in newborns and older children, separately. State the most important clinical manifestations of cortical injury and factors governing prognosis (DNB 2008/1)10 | 572 | 2008 |
| What is acute renal failure? List the common causes leading to it. Tabulate the laboratory indices used to differentiate pre-renal and intrinsic acute renal failure. Outline the medical management of acute renal failure (DNB 2008/1)10 | 572 | 2008 |
| Discuss the role of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy (indication, dose, aim, precaution, benefits and complications) in management of chronic renal failure. List reasons of resistance to such therapy (DNB 2008/1)10 | 572 | 2008 |
| Define renal osteodystrophy. Enumerate its clinical features and outline the management (DNB 2009/2)2+3+5 | 572 | 2009 |
| Write short notes on: (DNB 2013/1) 5+5 a. Pediatric RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury b. Urinary indices in acute renal failure | 572 | 2013 |
| Define Chronic kidney Disease (CKD) and its stages. What are the clinical manifestations of CKD. Outline its treatment (DNB 2013/2)3+4+3 | 572 | 2013 |
| Pathophysiology, causes, clinical features and management of acute renal failure (DNB 2017/1)5 | 572 | 2017 |
| Renal osteodystrophy (DNB 2018/2)5 | 572 | 2018 |
| Investigations and management of AKI (DNB 2019/2)7 | 572 | 2019 |
| Renal osteodystrophy (DNB 2020/1)5 | 572 | 2020 |
| Medical management of acute renal failure and indications of dialysis (DNB 2021/1)5 | 572 | 2021 |
| Diagnostic tests and management for renal artery stenosis (DNB 2021/1)5 | 572 | 2021 |
| Renal biopsy - Indications (DNB 2021/2)5 | 572 | 2021 |
| Describe Renal Anginal Index and its scoring (DNB 2022/1)5 | 572 | 2022 |
| AKI (DCH 2023/2)5 | 572 | 2023 |
| Renal angina index (DCH 2023/2)5 | 572 | 2023 |
| Management of chronic kidney disease (DNB 2023/2)5 | 572 | 2023 |
| Define acute kidney injury. What is KDIGO Staging for acute kidney injury? (DNB 2024/1)5 | 572 | 2024 |
| Define chronic kidney disease and outline its management in pediatric population (DNB 2024/2)5 | 572 | 2024 |
| Management of Frequently Relapsing Nephrotic Syndrome (FRNS) in a child (DNB 2025/1)5 | 567 | 2025 |
| Mechanism of tubular reabsorption in kidneys (with diagram) (DNB 2025/1)5 | 568 | 2025 |
| Diagnosis and management of renal tubular acidosis (DNB 2024/2)5 | 569 | 2024 |
| Investigations to differentiate proximal and distal renal tubular acidosis (DNB 2025/1)5 | 569 | 2025 |
| Definition and management of chronic kidney disease in children (DNB 2024/2)5 | 572 | 2024 |