| a. Development of diaphragm, trachea, and esophagus b. Diagrammatically depict various types of trachea esophageal fistulae (DNB 2016/1)2+2+2+4 | 364 | 2016 |
| Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal atresia (DNB 2006/1)10 | 365 | 2006 |
| Enumerate congenital anomalies presenting as severe respiratory distress in a newborn. Describe the pre-operative and post-operative care of a neonate with trachea-esophageal fistula (DNB 2010/1)4+3+3 | 365 | 2010 |
| Tracheoesophageal fistula (DNB 2023/2)5 | 365 | 2023 |
| Gastro esophageal reflux (DNB 1994/2)15 | 369 | 1994 |
| Define gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Describe its clinical features, diagnosis and treatment (DNB 2012/1)1+3+3+3 | 369 | 2012 |
| Describe physiological basis of Gastroesophageal reflux. Discuss clinical features and management of GERD (DNB 2014/2)3+2+5 | 369 | 2014 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in pediatric population (DNB 2015/2)5 | 369 | 2015 |
| Treatment of GERD (DNB 2017/1)5 | 369 | 2017 |
| Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - Management (DNB 2021/2)5 | 369 | 2021 |
| Describe the physiological basis of gastrooesophageal reflux (DNB 2023/1)5 | 369 | 2023 |
| Discuss clinical features and management of GERD (DNB 2023/1)3+2 | 369 | 2023 |
| Gastro-esophageal reflux disease: current approach for diagnosis and management (DNB 2024/2)5 | 369 | 2024 |
| Hematemesis (DNB 1994/1)15 | 372 | 1994 |
| A 5 yr old child brought to the emergency- history of 2 bouts of massive hematemesis. On examination the child is pale and BP is 90/60. Discuss the emergency room management of this child. After the child is stabilized what laboratory diagnosis would you do in this child. What is the differential diagnosis and treatment of this condition (DNB 2005/1)10 | 372 | 2005 |
| Management of Acute Upper GI Bleeding (DNB 2006/1)10 | 372 | 2006 |
| Discuss the management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a 5-year-old child (DNB 2008/1)10 | 372 | 2008 |
| Define hematemesis, malena and hematochezia. A 3 years old child presents with sudden onset vomiting of blood. Describe the approach to this child (including history and examination). Outline the steps of management (DNB 2008/2)3+7 | 372 | 2008 |
| Upper GI Bleed in children - Etiology and Management (DNB 2021/2)5 | 372 | 2021 |
| Management of acute upper gastro-intestinal bleeding (DNB 2024/2)5 | 372 | 2024 |
| Neonate with GI bleeding: a) Etiology b) Management (DCH 2024/2)5+5 | 372 | 2024 |
| Describe mechanisms for absorption of carbohydrates and name diseases caused by defect in each stage (DNB 2021/1)5 | 374 | 2021 |
| Enumerate causes of persistent vomiting in a 4 week old child. Describe clinical features and management of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (DNB 2012/1)3+3+4 | 375 | 2012 |
| Rotation of gut during embryonic development and applied aspects (DNB 2021/2)5 | 376 | 2021 |
| Encopresis (DNB 1999/2)15 | 378 | 1999 |
| Discuss the treatment of the following: Persistent constipation (DNB 2014/1)3 | 378 | 2014 |
| Treatment of functional constipation (DNB 2020/1)5 | 378 | 2020 |
| Chronic constipation - Pathology (DNB 2021/2)5 | 378 | 2021 |
| Management of functional constipation in children (DNB 2022/2)5 | 378 | 2022 |
| Enumerate the differences between Hirschsprung disease and functional constipation (DNB 2023/1)5 | 378 | 2023 |
| Treatment of childhood functional constipation (DNB 2024/1)5 | 378 | 2024 |
| What is H.Pylori Bacillus? How is it associated with chronic abdominal pain (DNB 1998/2)10 | 381 | 1998 |
| Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease (DNB 1997/2)15 | 384 | 1997 |
| Diagnosis and management of a child with Celiac Disease (DNB 2006/1)10 | 384 | 2006 |
| Aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis of celiac disease (DNB 2007/2)10 | 384 | 2007 |
| Discuss evaluation of a child with suspected intestinal malabsorption. Describe genetics, pathogenesis, clinical spectrum and extra intestinal manifestations of celiac disease (DNB 2013/2)5+5 | 384 | 2013 |
| Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management of gluten sensitive enteropathy (DNB 2015/2)3+4+3 | 384 | 2015 |
| Serological tests for celiac disease (DNB 2018/2)5 | 384 | 2018 |
| Diagnosis of Celiac disease (DNB 2019/1)5 | 384 | 2019 |
| Explain the pathogenesis and diagnosis of celiac disease (DNB 2020/1)4 | 384 | 2020 |
| Define non-responsive celiac disease and refractory celiac disease (DNB 2020/1)4+2 | 384 | 2020 |
| Diagnostic evaluation of celiac disease (DNB 2022/1)5 | 384 | 2022 |
| Diagnosis of celiac disease (DCH 2024/1)5 | 384 | 2024 |
| How to diagnose a case of celiac disease? (DNB 2024/2)5 | 384 | 2024 |
| Management of coeliac crisis (DNB 2024/2)5 | 384 | 2024 |
| Diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance (DNB 1995/1)15 | 385 | 1995 |
| Define malabsorption. Enlist the generalized and specific malabsorption states. Discuss the investigative plan for a child with generalized malabsorption (DNB 2008/1)10 | 385 | 2008 |
| Causes investigations and treatment of child with suspected intestinal malabsorption (DNB 2016/2)10 | 385 | 2016 |
| When to suspect and how to investigate malabsorption syndrome (DNB 2018/1)5 | 385 | 2018 |
| Define Malabsorption and enumerate its causes (DNB 2022/2)5 | 385 | 2022 |
| Enumerate the etiology and discuss the pathogenesis of acute diarrhoea. Describe the approach to management of a child with acute watery diarrhoea (DNB 2004/2)3+3+4 | 387 | 2004 |
| Discuss the management of acute diarrhea with particular reference to low osmolarity ORS, zinc, probiotics and antibiotics (DNB 2010/2)3+2+3+2 | 387 | 2010 |
| Describe the types of diarrhoea with examples. Discuss their pathophysiological mechanisms (DNB 2011/2)5+5 | 387 | 2011 |
| A 9-month old child with acute watery diarrhea develops seizures and altered sensorium. Discuss the differential diagnosis of CNS symptoms. Provide diagnostic algorithm for managing this child (DNB 2012/1)6+4 | 387 | 2012 |
| A 3-year-old child is brought with history of acute dysentery around 10 days back. Now the child developed pallor with oliguria. Discuss the differential diagnosis, investigative approach and treatment of this child (DNB 2013/1)3+4+3 | 387 | 2013 |
| Management of dysentery (DNB 2017/2)5 | 387 | 2017 |
| Role of antisecretory agents in diarrhoea (DNB 2019/1)5 | 387 | 2019 |
| Management of 8 months old baby with diarrhea without dehydration (DNB 2019/1)5 | 387 | 2019 |
| WHO reduced osmolarity ORS (DNB 2021/1)5 | 387 | 2021 |
| Super ORS - Advantages over Conventional ORS (DNB 2021/2)5 | 387 | 2021 |
| WHO classification of dehydration (DNB 2023/2)5 | 387 | 2023 |
| Pathogenesis of Persistent Diarrhea of infancy (DNB 1996/2)10 | 388 | 1996 |
| Persistent Diarrhea (DNB 1999/1)15 | 388 | 1999 |
| Chronic Diarrhea in Infancy (DNB 2000/1)15 | 388 | 2000 |
| Write management of Persistent Diarrhea (DNB 2006/1)5 | 388 | 2006 |
| Approach and management of a child with Persistent Diarrhea (DNB 2006/1)10 | 388 | 2006 |
| Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of antibiotic associated diarrhoea (DNB 2010/2)1+2+3+4 | 388 | 2010 |
| Outline the etiopathogenesis of chronic diarrhea and provide a scheme of investigating for a child with chronic diarrhea (DNB 2011/1)5+5 | 388 | 2011 |
| Define persistent diarrhea. Outline sequential approach to treatment of a child with persistent diarrhea (DNB 2024/1)5 | 388 | 2024 |
| Chronic diarrhoea: a) Etiopathogenesis b) Management (DCH 2024/2)5+5 | 388 | 2024 |
| Define Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP) and list the diagnostic features of functional RAP Suggest a plan for investigations and managing a 10 year old girl with RAP (DNB 2009/1)4+6 | 389 | 2009 |
| Outline the clinical approach to diagnosis of a child with: (DNB 2013/1)5+5 a. Short duration / acute pain abdomen b. Long duration/ recurrent pain abdomen | 389 | 2013 |
| Recurrent abdominal pain in children (DNB 2014/2)5 | 389 | 2014 |
| Rome IV classification of Functional abdominal pain disorders in children (DNB 2021/1)5 | 389 | 2021 |
| Enlist the functions of pancreas. Outline the pancreatic function tests and their implications in pediatric practice (DNB 2010/2)4+6 | 395 | 2010 |
| Embryology and anatomy of pancreas (DNB 2015/1)3 | 395 | 2015 |
| Physiology of exocrine pancreas (DNB 2015/1)3 | 395 | 2015 |
| How would you assess the pancreatic functions (DNB 2015/1)4 | 396 | 2015 |
| Pancreatic function tests (DNB 2021/1)5 | 396 | 2021 |
| Pathophysiology and causes of pancreatic enzyme insufficiency (DNB 2018/2)5 | 397 | 2018 |
| Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and management of acute pancreatitis in children (DNB 2010/1)2+2+2+4 | 399 | 2010 |
| Chronic pancreatitis in children (DNB 2014/2)5 | 399 | 2014 |
| Diagnosis and management of acute pancreatitis (DNB 2023/2)5 | 399 | 2023 |
| Hepatobiliary morphogenesis (DNB 2018/2)5 | 402 | 2018 |
| Describe clinical, laboratory and radiologic evaluation of possible liver dysfunction in children (DNB 2011/2)3+4+3 | 403 | 2011 |
| Liver function tests (DNB 2015/1)5 | 403 | 2015 |
| Liver biopsy - Indications, complications and management of complications (DNB 2019/2)6 | 403 | 2019 |
| Cholestatic Jaundice (DNB 1993/1)15 | 404 | 1993 |
| Biliary Atresia (DNB 1995/1)15 | 404 | 1995 |
| List the causes of infantile cholestasis. Provide an algorithm for the diagnosis of infantile cholestasis (DNB 2004/2)3+7 | 404 | 2004 |
| Persistent Jaundice in neonates (DNB 2006/1)10 | 404 | 2006 |
| Clinical approach, investigations and management of a neonate with Cholestatic jaundice (DNB 2006/1)10 | 404 | 2006 |
| A 6 week old child is brought with a history of jaundice since 3 weeks of age, high colored urine with staining of napkins and pale colored stools. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of this condition. What is the differential diagnosis and treatment of this condition (DNB 2006/1)10 | 404 | 2006 |
| Define neonatal cholestasis. Outline clinical features and scheme for evaluation of a neonate with cholestasis (DNB 2011/1)2+3+5 | 404 | 2011 |
| Diagnostic evaluation of biliary atresia (DNB 2018/1)5 | 404 | 2018 |
| Differential diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice at 1st month of life (DNB 2019/1)5 | 404 | 2019 |
| Tabulate differences between extrahepatic biliary atresia and idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (DNB 2021/1)5 | 404 | 2021 |
| Write in brief the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations of Wilson's disease. Outline the desired investigation helpful in making a diagnosis of Wilson's disease (DNB 2011/1)3+3+4 | 405 | 2011 |
| Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of Wilson's disease (DNB 2013/1)2+3+3+2 | 405 | 2013 |
| Neonatal hemochromatosis (DNB 2015/1)5 | 405 | 2015 |
| Clinical presentation, investigations and treatment of Wilson's Disease (DNB 2016/2)10 | 405 | 2016 |
| Diagnosis of Wilson's disease (DNB 2020/2)5 | 405 | 2020 |
| Evaluation of a 10-year-old child with suspected Wilson's disease (DCH 2024/1)5 | 405 | 2024 |
| Viral markers of Hepatitis B (DNB 1995/1)15 | 406 | 1995 |
| Immunological markers of Hepatitis B (DNB 1996/1)15 | 406 | 1996 |
| Diagnosis and management of Acute Viral Hepatitis (DNB 1996/2)12 | 406 | 1996 |
| Hepatitis B infection in children (DNB 2003/1)15 | 406 | 2003 |
| A 3-year-old child is brought with a history of jaundice since 2 months. She gives a history of blood transfusion at 18 months of age. Her HBsAg is positive. Discuss Briefly other viral markers of Hep B infection which will help in monitoring and treatment of child. Discuss the management of fulminant hepatic failure. Add a note on Liver Transplantation (DNB 2006/1)10 | 406 | 2006 |
| Discuss the modes of transmission of hepatotrophic viral infections. Outline the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B infection in children (DNB 2013/1)2+3+3+2 | 406 | 2013 |
| a) Serological course of Hepatitis B b) Treatment strategies for acute and chronic hepatitis (DNB 2015/2)4+3+3 | 406 | 2015 |
| Describe approach to management of a child born to mother with HBsAg positivity (DNB 2021/1)5 | 406 | 2021 |
| Diagnosis of various stages of hepatitis B infection (DNB 2024/1)5 | 406 | 2024 |
| Hepatitis C: a) Prevention b) Mother to child transmission c) Management of a child with hepatitis C (DCH 2024/2)3+3+4 | 406 | 2024 |
| Outline the differential diagnosis of tender hepatomegaly. Describe the management of liver abscess (DNB 2010/1)5+5 | 407 | 2010 |
| Management of a child with suspected liver abscess (DNB 2024/1)5 | 407 | 2024 |
| Describe Biochemical and Pathological changes in various organs in Hepatic Encephalopathy. How will you manage a case (DNB 1993/2)10 | 412 | 1993 |
| Laboratory Finding of Fulminant Hepatic Failure (DNB 1998/2)10 | 412 | 1998 |
| Hepatic Encephalopathy- pathophysiology and management (DNB 2003/2)25 | 412 | 2003 |
| Discuss the management of Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Add a note on Liver Transplantation (DNB 2006/1)5 | 412 | 2006 |
| Define Fulminant Hepatic Failure and outline the staging of severity of Hepatic encephalopathy. Discuss the steps in its management (DNB 2009/1)4+6 | 412 | 2009 |
| Outline the management of an 8-year-old child with acute liver cell failure and hepatic encephalopathy (DNB 2010/2)10 | 412 | 2010 |
| Define fulminant hepatic failure. Discuss factors precipitating hepatic encephalopathy and management of hepatic encephalopathy (DNB 2014/2)2+3+5 | 412 | 2014 |
| a) Define chronic liver disease b) Causes, clinical approach and management of a case of chronic liver disease (DNB 2015/1)1+2+3+4 | 412 | 2015 |
| Define Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Write stages of Hepatic encephalopathy. Outline steps in its management (DNB 2016/1)2+3+5 | 412 | 2016 |
| Management of Hepatic encephalopathy (DNB 2016/2)5 | 412 | 2016 |
| Management of fulminant hepatic failure (DNB 2018/2)5 | 412 | 2018 |
| What are the signs of liver cell failure and their pathophysiology (DNB 2019/1)5 | 412 | 2019 |
| Diagnosis and management of fulminant hepatic failure (DNB 2019/2)5 | 412 | 2019 |
| Metabolic causes of hepatic failure (DNB 2020/1)5 | 412 | 2020 |
| Fulminant Hepatic Failure in children - Management (DNB 2021/2)7 | 412 | 2021 |
| Define Acute Liver Failure in children and how to manage it (DNB 2022/1)5 | 412 | 2022 |
| Management of acute hepatic failure (DNB 2023/2)5 | 412 | 2023 |
| Fulminant hepatic failure - Diagnostic criteria (DCH 2023/2)5 | 412 | 2023 |
| Fulminant hepatic failure - Management (DCH 2023/2)5 | 412 | 2023 |
| Chronic liver disease: a) Diagnostic criteria b) Laboratory diagnosis c) Management (DCH 2024/2)3+3+4 | 412 | 2024 |
| Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension (DNB 1998/2)10 | 415 | 1998 |
| Discuss the causes, clinical features and management of portal hypertension in children. (DNB 2004/2)3+3+4 | 415 | 2004 |
| Diagrammatically represent the portal venous system and the sites of porto-systemic vascular anastomosis in portal hypertension. Discuss the types, cause and pathophysiology of portal hypertension (DNB 2007/1)10 | 415 | 2007 |
| Treatment for variceal haemorrhage (DNB 2008/1)5 | 415 | 2008 |
| Clinical features and diagnosis of portal hypertension (DNB 2018/2)5 | 415 | 2018 |
| Describe the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestation and management of portal hypertension in children (DNB 2022/01)5 | 415 | 2022 |
| Describe the causes and approach to diagnosis in a child with portal hypertension (DNB 2024/2)5 | 415 | 2024 |
| Extrahepatic portal hypertension: a) Pathophysiology b) Clinical feature c) Management (DCH 2024/2)3+3+4 | 415 | 2024 |
| Bio-Artificial Liver (DNB 2021/2)3 | 416 | 2021 |
| Liver transplantation - Indication and procedure (DNB 2019/1)5 | 416 | 2019 |
| Liver transplantation in children (DNB 2022/1)5 | 416 | 2022 |
| Differential Diagnosis of Ascites in children (DNB 1993/1)10 | 418 | 1993 |
| Enumerate the causes and discuss the types, pathogenesis and evaluation of ascites in children. (DNB 2011/2)2+2+3+3 | 418 | 2011 |
| Gastro-esophageal reflux disease: Diagnosis and management (DNB 2024/2)5 | 369 | 2024 |
| Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (DNB 2024/2)5 | 372 | 2024 |
| Diagnosis of celiac disease (DNB 2024/2)5 | 384 | 2024 |
| Management of celiac crisis (DNB 2024/2)5 | 384 | 2024 |
| Causes and management of chronic diarrhea in children (DNB 2025/1)5 | 388 | 2025 |
| Clinical features & management of autoimmune hepatitis in children (DNB 2025/1)5 | 410 | 2025 |
| Causes and diagnostic approach in a child with portal hypertension (DNB 2024/2)5 | 415 | 2024 |